Security and the Struggle for Power
To maintain law, order, and security, the cornerstones of prosperity and culture in the Near East, centers of political power arose in the valleys of the Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates. the Egyptians evolved a national state, and the Sumerian city states, but eventually in both Egypt and Mesopotamia empires were organized, which strove in vain to achieve domination of the Near East. The wars between these imperial states tended to undermine the security necessary to economic well-being.
It was not until the sixth century B.C. that political integration of western Asia was achieved by the Persians. Having secured control of the southern and eastern land the Phoenicians, attempted to wrest from the Greeks the northern and western trade routes. The conflicts which followed are known to us as the Persian Wars. This inconclusive struggle, which left the Persians in control of most of western Asia and the terminals of the Asiatic trade routes while the Greeks retained domination of the Aegean and Mediterranean sea lanes, created an unstable situation, which was unsatisfactory to the ruling classes in both the Persian Empire and the Greek city states.
Ostensibly, the Greeks were fighting for Hellenism and the Hellenic way of life against the “barbarian” Persians. The struggle had the superficial appearance of a conflict between the political individualism of the competitive Greek city states and the political totalitarianism of the multinational Persian Empire. The actual stakes were the control of the Near East, with its rich centers of industrial production and its intercontinental trade routes. The impasse was resolved 148 years later by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. After bringing the Greek city states under subjection, he rapidly conquered Egypt and destroyed the Persian Empire, in an endeavor to create an imperial state embracing all the Near East, plus Iran and Central Asia.
Gregory Lorson 
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